Masks frequently appear in 18th c. portraits (such as here and here), adding the necessary touch of mystery to fancy-dress costumes and general coquetry. But new research by Mark Hutter, journeyman tailor, Colonial Williamsburg, and Philippe L.B.Halbert, Lois F. McNeil Fellow, Winterthur Program in American Material Culture, shows that women were wearing masks for far more occasions than masquerades. They presented their findings at the recent Millinery Through Time conference, and I talked further with Mark afterwards to see the replica masks that he has created.
Masks as a fashionable accessory most likely originated in Italy, and made their way north to Britain in the 16th c. Samuel Pepys made note of women wearing black masks called visors or vizzards to attend the theater incognito in the 1660s, and they were often faulted for deceiving men (who of course believed they were entitled to know what kind of face was being hidden), and were also associated with prostitution.
But by the mid-18th c., flat oval masks like the replicas, below left, were being worn women not only to protect their identities and their modesty, but also their complexions while riding or walking outdoors. The detail, right, from the 1751 painting The Rhinoceros shows one of these masks worn by the woman at the top, contrasting with a masquerade-style half-mask worn by the gentleman in the lower right.
These oval masks were not considered objects of vanity, but as practical accessories. They preserved the face from sunburn, and were also useful in avoiding male scrutiny and judgement. Made of velvet mounted on pasteboard and lined with vellum, the masks were flat and plain, with openings for the eyes and nose. Some had colored glass in the eye-openings, a kind of primitive sun-visor. The masks did not tie around the head, but were held in place by a bead on a loop, mounted near the mouth opening, and clasped between the wearer's teeth. (See the interior of the replica mask, below left, with the bead on a blue cord.) This awkward arrangement must have helped discourage unwanted conversation with strangers, since the clenched teeth necessary to wear the mask made speaking difficult.
What's most interesting about the masks is the ladies who were wearing them. The research conducted by Mark and Philippe prove that masks weren't simply a conceit of London ladies, but were being worn by all kinds of women in the American colonies. They found documentary evidence of masks from New England to Charleston, North Carolina, by upper-class ladies in cities and the daughters of farmers, and by females as young as George Washington's four-year-old step-daughter Patsy and as old as a seventy-year-old Quaker grandmother.
As someone who never ventures outside without sunblock, I can sympathize with the need to protect the face from the sun. But seeing one of the replica masks worn, above left, (by Sarah Woodyard, our ever-obliging friend and mantua-maker's apprentice), with real eyes glittering behind the openings, I'm afraid I found the effect creepy in a Friday the 13th way, and suspect masks like these may be one fashion-trend that won't be revived any time soon.
Many thanks to Mark Hutter, Philippe L.B.Halbert, and Sarah Woodyard.
Photographs copyright 2014 by Susan Holloway Scott.
Left: The Rhinoceros, by Pietro Longhi, 1751. Ca' Rezzonico.
One of us -- 
9 comments:
As someone who burns so quickly that one of my past roomies said if she didn't know better she'd think I was a vampire cos I was always covered/shaded from the sun - I'd probably have given this a go had I lived back then.
Creepy as this custom is, I can also imagine decorated masks.
i, too, burn readily, and I usually resort to a massive hat. And hey, there are massive hats in Gainsborough paintings, and then subsequently poke bonnets, so I'm wondering if this is a natural development, and if this was something developed when hair was too big for a decent hat?
Alright - when do you say "April Fools!"?
Several readers on Twitter thought this was an April Fools joke, too. But it's not - it's real. Swear to it! :)
Here's a link that features a similar mask:
http://www.pasthorizonspr.com/index.php/archives/12/2010/rare-mask-found-concealed-in-wall
I've seen these in literature (but don't have a source) where they were used to cover smallpox scars. Perhaps the poor lady in the portrait was one of the afflicted?
As you so wisely point out in the story, these masks had a long history prior to the 18th century. You them requently in Elizabethan era paintings, particularly Continental images. I'm fascinated to see that the overall design didn't change much, if at all, from the earlier era. Great article!
In eastern Montana in the early 20th century, there was a famous horsewoman who always wore a black mask to protect her complexion.
So many associations!
For me, the strangest thing about this is that it immediately strikes a familar note: in Turkey, I've seen asian women (Chinese, I assume) wearing not quite masks but fabric coverings over their jaws and cheeks, covering part of the lower face, sometimes leaving the lips free, sometimes not. Those women also carried beautiful umbrellas against the sun. The latter came as no surprise: "white skin = higher social class" never really got out of fashion in Asia and India.
So, what surprises me most about those masks is that they seem to leave the upper part of the brow free - maybe because the chute of the cap would shade that area?
(For extra fun: look for "white beauty ads" on youtube. To a western viewer it looks half like something out of the 19th century. Or at least it did to me first time I saw those.)
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